Reproducible Raman Measurements

How to get >99.5% unit-to-unit spectrum agreement

By: Dr. Dieter Bingemann, Senior Application Scientist

Variety may be the spice of life, but variability is not – particularly for OEM instrument developers who must guarantee an answer based on the quality of a Raman spectrum. These answers matter, to their customers and to those affected by the decisions made based upon those outputs. A good-quality OEM spectrometer should, by design, exhibit low unit-to-unit variability from the start, and any remaining small differences should be corrected in order to achieve the most robust and repeatable analytical outcomes in the field. In this Tech Note, we demonstrate a method to correct for slight variations in the wavenumber and intensity response of multiple units, achieving better than 99.5% agreement between any two spectrometers across seven Raman spectrometers of the same model and configuration.

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The Need for Reproducibility

Application-specific instruments based on Raman designed by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are required to deliver consistent answers, day in and day out, regardless of the serial number of the unit or where in the world it is being used. While method development, sample handling, and algorithm development are essential groundwork to achieve this, Raman applications also depend on a high degree of unit-to-unit reproducibility of the instrument itself.

So how can you ensure that the same spectrum is collected from many instruments when each unit is individually aligned and optimized? With many optical, mechanical, and electronic parts in every instrument, there will always be some unavoidable differences in their spectral response when built in volumes of 10, 100, or 100,000 – no matter how exacting the quality control or how carefully aligned.

Making Reproducibility a Reality

Some degree of variability can be eliminated through good optical design. For example, the all-transmission optical design of Wasatch Photonics spectrometers yields a very low sensitivity to small changes in the alignment angles. Together with the consistent nature of the VPH gratings employed, these designs yield a high degree of reproducibility out of the box. It is for this reason that all-transmission spectrometer designs are preferred by many OEMs over the reflective optics, replicated gratings, and asymmetrical, folded optical path used in crossed-Czerny Turner spectrometers. (Learn more in our tech note on Extending Raman’s Reach.)

All-transmission spectrometer with VPH grating (left). Crossed Czerny-Turner spectrometer with reflective optics and ruled grating (right).

Even with the best possible design and good manufacturing practices, small differences in the spectral sensitivity and the wavenumber axis will still remain. For Raman applications such as spectral matching to a common library, removing these minor differences can lead to a significant improvement in the overall unit-to-unit reproducibility, and ultimately, yield consistent spectral analyses with any instrument. Fortunately, only two corrections are needed to eliminate these minor spectrometer differences almost completely, leading to astonishing unit-to-unit reproducibility to satisfy even the most demanding OEM applications.

One-Time Factory Calibration and Daily Correction

The US Pharmacopoeia1 for Raman instruments highlights three areas of importance for the proper calibration of a Raman spectrometer: the primary wavelength (x-axis), the intensity (y-axis), and the laser wavelength.

Wavelength Calibration

Polynomial fit of known atomic emission wavelengths as a function of measured peak positions in pixel space constitutes the wavelength calibration.

Array detector instruments, such as Wasatch Raman spectrometers, record the signal intensity as a function of the position on the array detector as measured with the pixel index. Translation from pixel index intrinsic to the array detector to the light’s wavelength is based on the wavelength calibration performed in the factory during production with calibration light sources, using well-defined, very sharp, atomic emission lines.

During calibration, the position of a pre-defined set of emission peaks is determined in pixel space and the known emission wavelengths are fit with a polynomial function as a function of these measured pixel positions. The resulting calibration coefficients are saved in the spectrometer’s EEPROM to be read and applied when the spectrometer is connected to the computer. Users can check the accuracy of the wavelength calibration with suitable atomic emission sources. The calibration itself, however, should only be performed at the factory.

Relative Intensity Calibration

A calibration of the intensity axis is required to achieve reproducible peak height ratios for Raman spectra. All spectrometers are individually aligned and optimized during production, and while Wasatch Photonics’ own transmission optics lead to very low sensitivity to alignment parameters, small differences in the overall spectra response of different spectrometers still remain.

Example of the measured and the published spectral shape of the emission from a SRM standard.

The intensity calibration is performed according to ASTM E2911-13 (2013)2 with a standard reference material sample (SRM), which, when illuminated with the Raman laser, emits a broadband fluorescence spectrum of a well-known shape. Raman SRM materials are typically a solid block of glass of well-known composition, and are much simpler to use than the radiometric calibration lamps or ‘gold standards’ used in UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy.

The measured emission spectrum of the SRM is compared to the expected emission spectrum, and the ratio between the two spectra defines the spectral intensity correction factor at each pixel. This calibration is performed in production at the factory, during which the smooth spectral response curve of the spectrometer is fit to a functional form. The spectral response profile parameters are saved in the spectrometer’s EEPROM, from which they can be read by the software to apply the intensity correction.

Users can check the accuracy of the intensity correction with the intensity ratio of two peaks of a reference substance, such as those published in ASTM 1840-96 (2014)3. However, the peak height ratio for two peaks in a Raman spectrum can depend on the optical resolution (linewidth) of the instrument, for example for a compact Raman system with limited optical resolution: As the area under the curve for each spectral line remains constant, if lower resolution broadens a peak, it also reduces peak height. This is important to keep in mind when comparing experimental peak height ratios to literature values measured with high-resolution bench top instruments.

Laser Wavelength Calibration

The final calibration to be performed at the factory is the determination of the exact excitation laser wavelength. Lasers with a given (nominal) Raman wavelength are specified to fall within a wavelength range of typically ± 0.5 nm, which at a Raman excitation wavelength of 830 nm corresponds to a Raman shift of about 7 cm-1. For best accuracy, the exact laser wavelength therefore needs to be determined using the well-known Raman peaks of a reference substance, ideally one published in ASTM 1840-96 (2014)3, for which the peak positions are defined to better than 1 cm-1 wavelength accuracy.

Calibration of the laser wavelength using the deviation of a measured Raman peak position (assuming the nominal laser wavelength) to the reference peak position.

The average difference between the measured peak positions of the reference substance and the known peak positions yields the deviation of the laser wavelength from the nominal laser wavelength. For spectrometers with built-in lasers sourced from Wasatch Photonics, the measured laser wavelength is written to the spectrometer’s EEPROM and used by the software to determine the Raman shift from the wavelength calibration. Note that this laser wavelength calibration must be performed at the OEM site if the laser and spectrometer are sourced independently. Once in the field, the user can check the accuracy of the laser wavelength by comparing measured Raman peak positions to the reference peak positions. It is recommended to validate and adjust this Raman axis correction on a daily basis, as described in the next section.

Day-to-Day Wavenumber Correction

For highest accuracy spectroscopic measurements, it is necessary to account for the small, but noticeable, day-to-day overall variations in the entire system. This correction to the final wavenumber axis captures any minor changes in the laser wavelength, spectrometer wavelength calibration, or other minor shifts of the spectrum, for example due to external temperature changes. Raman instruments at every performance level have been shown to require a day-to-day correction to achieve reliable standardization of Raman spectra for transfer of spectral libraries across instruments4.

This correction is performed with a single, additive, wavenumber offset that is determined completely analogous to the laser wavelength calibration described above. The average deviation between known Raman peak positions to the peak positions measured for this day-to-day reference standard is applied as an additive correction to the entire Raman spectrum. This correction is typically performed using a reference standard such as polystyrene, in compliance with USP chapter <1120>5 or EP chapter <2.2.48>6. The resulting corrected wavenumber axis then yields high Raman shift accuracy and hence excellent unit-to-unit reproducibility of peak positions.

Example Calibration and Correction

WP-830 Integrated LaserWith a firm understanding of the method, we can now demonstrate the intensity calibration and wavenumber correction for a set of seven different, but identically designed and configured, 830 nm Raman systems with integrated laser and probe optics (WP 830-L). A sample solution of glucose in water inside a polystyrene cuvette is inserted into the sample holder, which in turn is directly attached to the front lens of the spectrometer. Glucose in water was chosen as the demonstration sample due to the complex, nature of its Raman spectrum with multiple peaks across a wide wavenumber range.

Wavelength Calibration

The wavelength calibration has been performed during production and is used as is.

Wavenumber Correction

The sample solution used in this example is contained in a polystyrene cuvette, a material that is listed as one reference compound in the ASTM publication3. Two polystyrene peaks at 1001.4 cm-1 and 1602.3 cm-1 (ASTM) are used as the wavenumber reference, as these peaks are sufficiently separated from any sample peaks occurring due to the glucose in water.

Example spectrum of glucose solution in a polystyrene cuvette. The polystyrene reference peaks are marked with vertical lines.
Deviation of glucose peak positions for individual spectrometers from the mean position across all spectrometers indicates a very narrow spread of less than 0.5 cm-1 or less than 0.25 pixels.

The resulting average wavenumber correction shift values vary from -4 cm-1 to +2 cm-1, depending on the unit. The majority of this adjustment was due to use of the nominal laser wavelength (830.0 nm) in the original acquisition. After this wavenumber correction, the position of any glucose peak from any of the seven test spectrometers deviates by less than 0.5 cm-1 from the mean position, which is less than a quarter of a pixel on the array detector, and indicative of the high accuracy of the wavelength calibration.

The wavenumber correction leads to a significant improvement in the agreement of peak positions between the sample spectra recorded with different spectrometers.

Example of the measured and the published spectral shape of the emission from a SRM standard.

Relative Intensity Calibration

As a demonstration of how to perform the intensity calibration, we measure the emission from a standard reference material sample specific to the 830 nm laser wavelength (SRM 2246). A full list of available relative intensity correction standards for Raman spectroscopy can be found at the NIST website SRM Home and ASTM E29111-13 (2013)2. The emission spectrum for SRM 2246 was measured for each individual WP 830-L spectrometer, normalized, and compared to the expected (normalized) emission spectrum as specified by NIST.

Normalized emission spectra from SRM 2246 as recorded with all spectrometers in test.

Even without intensity calibration, the spectral sensitivity curves of the individual spectrometers agree very well, indicative of the high reproducibility of the all-transmission design of the spectrometer. The ratio between expected emission and measured emission constitutes the intensity calibration (at each pixel). Applying this intensity calibration to all experimental spectra eliminates the spectrometer-specific spectral sensitivity, leading to an excellent agreement in the relative peak heights across multiple spectrometers. For best comparison of the relative peak heights we normalized all spectra to a single peak maximum.

Raman-Intesity-Correction-graph
Comparison of a section of the (normalized) sample spectrum (glucose in water) for seven spectrometers with wavenumber and intensity correction (right) and without intensity correction (left). The intensity correction leads to an excellent agreement of all peak heights.

Results: High Correlation Between Spectra

Distribution of the spectral agreement for all pairwise comparisons of the corrected sample spectrum recorded with two different spectrometers.

To quantify the agreement between the corrected spectrometers, we determine the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the spectra from each possible pairing of spectrometers within the group, after interpolation to a common wavenumber axis with 1 cm-1 spacing. This correlation coefficient is commonly used as the “hit quality index” in library matching and measures the general agreement between different spectra. For the seven spectrometers in this group we find 21 pairwise correlation coefficients with the distribution shown at right.

We find a very high agreement between any two (corrected) spectra with a typical pairwise correlation of 99.8% and a minimum correlation of 99.5%. This demonstrates the excellent agreement between Raman spectrometers that can be achieved by starting with a good optical design and applying the appropriate corrections.

Conclusion

OEM applications demand a high degree of unit-to-unit agreement between individual spectrometers in order to deliver consistent, dependable answers in the field. However, due to their complex optics, even identically designed, configured, and calibrated spectrometers experience some variation in their spectra. This can easily and effectively be corrected through intensity and wavenumber corrections, thus standardizing the response of all units prior to application-specific analysis of the spectra.

By starting with a sensitive, robust Raman spectrometer design and applying these simple corrections, we show that any two spectrometers of the same configuration can be made to measure the same complex spectrum with exceptional overall agreement. This straightforward correction process makes it possible to use common matching libraries or universal chemometric models for entire series of spectrometers with high accuracy.

At Wasatch Photonics, we work collaboratively with our OEM customers at every stage of the development process to integrate our ‘OEM by design’ solutions and best manufacturing practices for Raman applications with their unique applications expertise, instrument design expertise, and market knowledge & reach to create instruments that are sensitive, robust, and reproducible. Contact us today to discuss your unique Raman needs!

Learn more about the top 3 needs of Raman OEMs in episode 8 of Raman TV, hosted by senior staff scientist Dr. Dieter Bingemann.

Watch the full Raman TV series!

References

  1. European Pharmacopeia 8.7 Edition 2016, Chapter 2.2.48, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare, 2016.
  2. ASTM E2911-13, Standard Guide for Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Spectrometers, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
  3. ASTM E1840-96(2014), Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
  4. Rodriguez JD, Westenberger BJ, Buhse LF, Kauffman JF. “Standardization of Raman spectra for transfer of spectral libraries across different instruments.” Analyst. 2011;136(20):4232-40.
  5. USP 43-NF 38 General Chapter <1120>, The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 2020.
  6. European Pharmacopeia 8.7 Edition 2016, Chapter 2.2.48, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare, 2016.